CHAPTER 2 The Referee

‘Rules exist, but they are not easy to interpret’

PAUL GINSBORG

‘Perhaps the history of football would be best understood as a history of referees, and not through the histories of federations, national teams, big tournaments, managers, bosses’

GIAN PAOLO ORMEZZANO

‘In Italy the referee question is more important than the southern question’

FABIO BALDAS (former referee)

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Table of Contents
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 Calcio and Football. Origins and Early History: 1880–1929 The first kicks
Pioneers
James Richardson Spensley
The first championship
Paleo-calcio. Rules, Managers, Foreigners, Sundays
Spensley and the Reign of Genoa, 1898–1904
The big teams are born. Juventus, Milan, Internazionale, Torino
L’Italia. The National Team and the Reading Tour
Calcio and World War One
Running the Game. The Italian Football Federations. Splits and Reunions
Violence and Fans. The early years
Revolution. Viareggio’s ‘red days’ of 1920
Early Games. Ropes, Nets and Fields
Amateurs and Professionals
The first manager. The odyssey of William Garbutt
Fans and History
From Lions to bankruptcy. The rise and fall of Pro Vercelli
The First Scandal. The Rosetta Case
Fascism and Football
The first ‘theft’. Bologna, Genoa and the 1925 playoff final
The referees’ strike of 1925 and the first ‘suspicions’
The Viareggio Charter. Calcio’s constitution
The inauguration which changed Italy
Calcio and Italian capitalism
From calcio to football. A mass sport is born
CHAPTER 2 The Referee
Hunt the Ref! Akkiappa L’Arbitro!
Referees as a ‘virtuous minority’
Rules, Laws and the Italian Referee
Corruption, Suspicion, Legitimation
‘Psychological slavery’. Big and small clubs
Choosing Referees. ‘Designators’, Draws, Secrets
Watchgate
Bribing Referees. Cheques and more watches
At the sharp end. Violence against referees
Legnano-Bologna, February 1952
The Prince of Referees. Concetto Lo Bello
Duce, Duce! Fiorentina-Cagliari. Serie A. 12 October 1969
White Riot! Naples 1955; Livorno 1967
Trial by Slow-Motion. Italian Referees and the Moviola
The Great Robberies. Penalties, Disallowed Goals, Sendings-off
Maurizio Turone’s disallowed ‘goal’. Juventus versus Roma. Turin, 10 May 1981
Fiorentina and Juventus. Last day of the championship. 16 May 1982
‘The Great Thievery’. Inter versus Juventus 1998
Fair Play? Luciano Gaucci and Jay Bothroyd, Perugia 2004
Breaking the Mould? Pierluigi Collina
CHAPTER 3 Teams and Cities: Turin The Old Lady. Juventus
Calamity. Superga. 4 May 1949
Superga. Football tragedy as a shrine, or as a tourist attraction? 1949–2004
The Myth
The Filadelfia Story. From Fortress to Ruin
The Filadelfia Story. Reconstruction, Promises, Ruins
CHAPTER 4 Teams and Cities: Milan, Rome, Genoa, Florence, Naples Milan. Moral Capital and Football Capital
Internazionale
Great Inter (Grande Inter)
Not so Great Inter. You Never Win! The psychodrama of the Interisti since 1989
A New Great Inter? The scandal and the rebirth of the blue-and-blacks, 2006–7
Milan. From humiliation to domination
Rome. Occasional football capital
Genoa. On the Margins
Florence. Purple Pride
The Provinces. Bologna, Cagliari, Verona
Naples. The Longest Wait
The King. Maradona and Napoli. 1984–1991
Napoli’s success and DAMM
The Party. 1987
Drugs, scandals and the end of the Maradona fable
After Maradona. The long decline of Napoli
Disintegration
CHAPTER 5 At the Back. Defenders and Defensive Football in Italy The Defensive Mentality
Catenaccio. Football, Italian style
Real catenaccio. From Switzerland to Italy
Real catenaccio in Italy. Gipo Viani and beyond
Sweepers Old and New. The Great Inter and beyond